Chapter 16: Litigation Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
§ 16.1  General
§ 16.2  Manipulation Under Section 9(e)
§ 16.3  General Liability Provisions of Section 10
§ 16.4  Elements of Rule 10b-5
§ 16.4.1  Plaintiff Is a Purchaser or Seller of Securities
§ 16.4.2  Securities Are Offered or Sold By Fraudulent Scheme or Material Misstatement or Omission
§ 16.4.3  Reliance by Plaintiff
§ 16.4.4  Plaintiff Exercises “Due Care”
§ 16.4.5  Defendant Must Have Acted With Scienter
§ 16.4.6  Causation
§ 16.5  Rules 10b5-1 and 10b5-2
§ 16.6  Burden of Proof
§ 16.7  Damages Under Rule 10b-5
§ 16.8  Contribution
§ 16.9  Defenses to Claims Under Rule 10b-5
§ 16.9.1  Requirement to Plead with Particularity
§ 16.9.2  Waiver
§ 16.9.3  Mitigation of Damages
§ 16.9.4  In Pari Delicto
§ 16.10  Statute of Limitations
§ 16.11  Aiding and Abetting Liability Under Rule 10b-5
§ 16.11.1  The Central Bank of Denver Case
§ 16.11.2  Liability as Primary Participants
§ 16.11.3 Secondary Liability—A Reprise
§ 16.12  Attorney Liability Under Rule 10b-5
§ 16.13  Cases Imposing Liability Under Rule 10b-5
§ 16.13.1  Unsuitability
§ 16.13.2  Churning
§ 16.13.3  Trading on Non-Public Information and the Misappropriation Theory
§ 16.13.4  Rule 10b-5 in the Context of a Private Placement
§ 16.13.5  Insider Trading and Criminal Liability
§ 16.14  Statutory Damages—ITSA and ITSFEA
§ 16.15  The Fraud-on-the-Market Theory
§ 16.15.1  Need for an Efficient Market
§ 16.15.2  Elements of the Fraud-on-the-Market Theory
§ 16.15.3  Transaction Causation
§ 16.15.4  Loss Causation
§ 16.16  Freeze-Out Mergers; Section 13(e)
§ 16.17  Material Misstatements or Omissions in Tender Offers
§ 16.18  Section 16(b)
§ 16.19  Private Rights of Action Under the Rules of Self-Regulatory Organizations
§ 16.19.1  Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
§ 16.19.2  The New York Stock Exchange
§ 16.19.3  Application of Rule 10b-5 to Suitability Issues
§ 16.20  Private Actions Versus the SEC’s Civil Enforcement Proceedings
§ 16.21  Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)
§ 16.22  FINRA Disciplinary Actions
§ 16.23  Actions Against FINRA (formerly the NASD)