INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: PLANNING by Catherine A. Hance, Esq. and Melinda M. Wiggins, Esq.
§ 1.1 Introduction
§ 1.2 Statutory Municipalities
§ 1.2.1 General Planning Provisions
§ 1.2.2 Regulation of Public Improvements and Public Utilities
§ 1.3 Statutory Counties
§ 1.3.1 General Planning Provisions
§ 1.3.2 Regulation of Public Improvements and Public Utilities
§ 1.4 Intergovernmental Cooperation
§ 1.4.1 General Statewide Policy
§ 1.4.2 Regional Planning Commissions
§ 1.4.3 Regional Service Authorities
§ 1.4.4 Metropolitan Planning Organizations
§ 1.4.5 Cooperation with State Government
§ 1.5 State-Level Planning
§ 1.5.1 Division of Planning
§ 1.5.2 Colorado State Land Board
§ 1.5.3 Areas and Activities of Statewide Interest
§ 1.5.4 Local Governmental Land Use Control
§ 1.6 Land Planning and the Environment
CHAPTER 2: ZONING by Thomas J. Ragonetti, Esq., James T. Johnson, Esq., Kimberly A. Martin, Esq., Kaydee C. Smith, Esq., R. Michael Shomo, Esq., and Keirstin K. Beck, Esq.
§ 2.1 Introduction
§ 2.2 Historical Development of Zoning
§ 2.3 Purpose of Zoning
§ 2.4 The Nature of Zoning
§ 2.5 The Authority to Zone
§ 2.5.1 Statutory Municipalities
§ 2.5.2 Statutory Counties
§ 2.6 Limitations on Zoning Powers
§ 2.6.1 Preemption
§ 2.6.2 Reasonableness and Nexus
§ 2.6.3 Definiteness of Standards to Guide Enforcement
§ 2.6.4 Conformance with Comprehensive Plan/Spot Zoning
§ 2.6.5 Free Speech and the First Amendment
§ 2.6.6 Religion and the First Amendment
§ 2.6.7 Land Owned by Governments
§ 2.6.8 Adopted Local Procedures
§ 2.6.9 Intergovernmental Agreements
§ 2.6.10 Development Agreements
§ 2.7 Nonconforming Uses, Structures, and Lots
§ 2.7.1 Nonconforming Uses
§ 2.7.2 Nonconforming Structures and Signs
§ 2.7.3 Nonconforming Lots
§ 2.8 Solutions to Specific Zoning Problems
§ 2.8.1 Rezoning/Amendment
§ 2.8.2 Conditional and Special Uses
§ 2.8.3 Variances
§ 2.9 Review of Zoning Decisions
§ 2.9.1 Administrative Review
§ 2.9.2 Judicial Review
§ 2.10 Initiative/Referendum
§ 2.11 Enforcement
§ 2.11.1 Statutory Counties
§ 2.11.2 Statutory Municipalities
CHAPTER 3: PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENTS by Donald L. Elliott, Esq.
§ 3.1 Introduction
§ 3.2 Authority for Planned Unit Developments
§ 3.2.1 Planned Unit Development Before State Authorization
§ 3.2.2 State Legislation
§ 3.3 Statutory Requirements of a PUD Enabling Ordinance
§ 3.4 Additional Requirements Permitted in a PUD Enabling Ordinance
§ 3.4.1 Establishment of Additional Requirements for PUD Approval
§ 3.4.2 Relationship of Additional Requirements With Subdivision Regulations
§ 3.4.3 Adequacy of a Local Government’s Additional Requirements
§ 3.5 Sufficiency of Local Government’s Ordinance or Resolution
§ 3.6 Common Open Space
§ 3.6.1 Ownership and Maintenance of Common Open Space
§ 3.6.2 Failure to Maintain Common Open Space
§ 3.7 Procedure for Approval of a PUD Plan
§ 3.7.1 Application
§ 3.7.2 Review and Consideration of Application
§ 3.8 Recording of PUD Not Required
§ 3.9 Modifications and Amendments to PUDs
§ 3.9.1 Modification by Local Government
§ 3.9.2 Modification by Residents and Owners
§ 3.10 Enforcement of PUD Plans
§ 3.10.1 Enforcement by County or Municipality
§ 3.10.2 Enforcement by Residents, Occupants, and Owners
§ 3.10.3 Enforcement Under Ordinances Not Subject to PUD Act
§ 3.11 Challenge to PUD Enabling Ordinance
§ 3.12 Challenges to Individual PUD Rezoning Ordinances
§ 3.12.1 Adjacent Property Owners
§ 3.12.2 Adjacent Home Rule Municipality
CHAPTER 4: SUBDIVISION by Malcolm M. Murray, Esq.
§ 4.1 Introduction
§ 4.2 Subdivision Plat
§ 4.3 Subdivision as a Land Use Regulatory Tool
§ 4.3.1 Subdivision Review Process
§ 4.3.2 Substantive Requirements
§ 4.4 Subdivision Exemptions
§ 4.4.1 Exclusions from the Statute
§ 4.4.2 Correction of Pre-Existing Problems
§ 4.5 Power to Regulate Sale of Subdivision Lots
§ 4.6 Dedication Requirements
§ 4.6.1 Forms of Dedication
§ 4.6.2 Intent to Dedicate
§ 4.6.3 Withdrawal of Offer to Dedicate
§ 4.6.4 Acceptance of Offer to Dedicate
§ 4.6.5 Interest Conveyed by Dedication
§ 4.7 Defective Plats, Notice and Intention
§ 4.8 Subdivision Plats With Deeded Streets
§ 4.9 Streets Acquired Under C.R.S. §§ 31-2-106 to 31-2-109
§ 4.10 Plat Amendment and Recordation
§ 4.11 Merger of Subdivided Lots
CHAPTER 5: STREETS AND ACCESS CONTROL by Malcolm M. Murray, Esq.
§ 5.1 Introduction
§ 5.2 Designation of Public Streets and Roads
§ 5.2.1 Dedication
§ 5.2.2 Prescription
§ 5.2.3 Vacation and Abandonment
§ 5.3 Access Control to Public Streets and Roads
§ 5.3.1 Local Controls
§ 5.3.2 State Controls
CHAPTER 6: EXACTIONS, DEDICATIONS, IMPACT FEES, AND REGULATORY TAKINGS by Eric Heil, Esq. and Heidi Anderson, Esq.
§ 6.1 Introduction
§ 6.2 The Basic Exaction Tools
§ 6.3 Authority for Exactions and Impact Fees
§ 6.3.1 Legislative Adoption Required
§ 6.3.2 Relation Between Impact Fees and the Proposed Development
§ 6.3.3 Capital Facilities Defined
§ 6.3.4 Use for Existing and Future Capital Improvements
§ 6.3.5 The “No Double Dipping” Clause
§ 6.3.6 Pre-existing Impact Fee Programs
§ 6.3.7 New Impact Fees Apply Prospectively
§ 6.3.8 Challenging the Imposition of an Impact Fee
§ 6.3.9 Accounting for Impact Fee Revenues
§ 6.3.10 Waiver of Impact Fees for Affordable/Employee Housing
§ 6.4 Calculation of Land Dedications and Impact Fees
§ 6.4.1 Exactions
§ 6.4.2 Impact Fees
§ 6.5 Management of Collected Impact Fees
§ 6.6 Case Law on Exactions and Impact Fees
§ 6.6.1 The Police Power and the Nexus Requirement for Exactions
§ 6.6.2 The Police Power and the Reasonably Related Standard for Impact Fees
§ 6.6.3 The Police Power and the Requirement of Adequate Standards
§ 6.6.4 The “Tax” Challenge
§ 6.7 Regulatory Takings
§ 6.7.1 A Final Determination
§ 6.7.2 Test Elements
§ 6.7.3 Type of Challenge
§ 6.7.4 Definition of Property
§ 6.7.5 Relief
§ 6.7.6 Remedies
CHAPTER 7: VESTED RIGHTS by Gerald E. Dahl, Esq.
§ 7.1 Introduction
§ 7.2 Types of Vested Rights
§ 7.3 Common Law Vested Rights
§ 7.3.1 Legal Theories
§ 7.3.2 Who Has Common Law Vested Rights?
§ 7.3.3 When Do Common Law Vested Rights Vest?
§ 7.3.4 Actions That May Trigger Common Law Vested Rights Claims
§ 7.3.5 Actions That May Defeat Vested Rights
§ 7.4 Statutory Vested Rights
§ 7.4.1 Site Specific Development Plan
§ 7.4.2 The Approval Process
§ 7.4.3 Effect of Creation of a Statutory Vested Right
§ 7.4.4 Term
§ 7.4.5 Exceptions to Statutory Vested Rights
§ 7.4.6 Annexation
§ 7.4.7 Local Initiative and Referendum
§ 7.4.8 Available Remedies When Vested Rights Are Infringed
§ 7.4.9 Relationship to Common Law Vested Rights
§ 7.4.10 Pending Ordinance Doctrine
CHAPTER 8: ANNEXATION by Gerald E. Dahl, Esq.
§ 8.1 Introduction
§ 8.2 Sources of Colorado Annexation Law
§ 8.2.1 Municipal Annexation Act of 1965
§ 8.2.2 Poundstone I
§ 8.2.3 Poundstone II
§ 8.3 Municipal Annexation Act of 1965
§ 8.3.1 Legislative Declaration
§ 8.3.2 Definitions
§ 8.3.3 Eligibility for Annexation: Contiguity
§ 8.3.4 Limitations
§ 8.3.5 Series/Simultaneous Annexations
§ 8.3.6 Annexation of Enclaves, Partly Surrounded Land, and Municipally-Owned Land
§ 8.3.7 Petitions for Annexation and Annexation Elections
§ 8.3.8 Setting a Hearing Date—Notice Given
§ 8.3.9 Annexation Impact Report
§ 8.3.10 Hearing
§ 8.3.11 Findings
§ 8.3.12 Annexation Without Election
§ 8.3.13 Annexation Pursuant to Election
§ 8.3.14 Conflicting Annexation Claims of Two or More Municipalities
§ 8.3.15 Zoning of Land While Annexation Is Under Way; Zoning of Newly Annexed Land; Subdivision of Land While Annexation Is Under Way
§ 8.3.16 Review
§ 8.3.17 Effect of Review and Voiding of Annexation Ordinance by Court Order
§ 8.3.18 Priority of Annexation Proceedings
§ 8.3.19 Disconnection of Territory Because of Failure to Serve
§ 8.3.20 Court Approval Required for Certain Annexations
§ 8.4 Other Statutory Procedures
§ 8.5 Special Annexation Considerations
§ 8.5.1 Annexation Agreements
§ 8.5.2 Extraterritorial Service Agreements
§ 8.5.3 Intergovernmental Agreements
CHAPTER 9: SPECIAL DISTRICTS, IMPROVEMENT DISTRICTS, INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES, AND PUBLIC IMPROVEMENT CORPORATIONS by Norman F. Kron, Jr., Esq., AICP
§ 9.1 Introduction
§ 9.2 Common Types of Districts and their Features
§ 9.2.1 Operating Districts and Funding Districts
§ 9.2.2 Formation of Districts
§ 9.2.3 Governance of Districts
§ 9.2.4 Taxes and Mill Levy
§ 9.2.5 Financial Issues
§ 9.2.6 Land Use Control
§ 9.2.7 Elections
§ 9.2.8 State and Local Controls on Special Districts
§ 9.2.9 The Division of Local Government
§ 9.3 Specific Characteristics of Certain Districts
§ 9.4 Intergovernmental Authorities
§ 9.5 Public Improvement Corporations or Public Building Authorities
§ 9.6 Case Law
CHAPTER 10: URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC HOUSING by Paul C. Benedetti, Esq.
§ 10.1 Urban Renewal Authorities
§ 10.1.1 Organization
§ 10.1.2 Nature
§ 10.1.3 Blight
§ 10.1.4 Purposes and Powers
§ 10.1.5 Urban Renewal Plans; Urban Renewal Areas; Eminent Domain Provisions
§ 10.1.6 Project Financing; Tax Increment Financing
§ 10.1.7 Disposition of Property
§ 10.1.8 Cooperation with Other Public Bodies
§ 10.1.9 Relocation
§ 10.1.10 Significant Cases
§ 10.1.11 Standing
§ 10.2 Downtown Development Authorities
§ 10.2.1 Organization
§ 10.2.2 Powers and Purposes
§ 10.2.3 Mill Levy; Tax Increment Financing
§ 10.2.4 Colorado Constitution, Article X, Section 20 (TABOR)
§ 10.2.5 Cases
§ 10.3 Rehabilitation Act of 1945
§ 10.4 Relocation Assistance and Land Acquisition Policies
§ 10.5 Public Mall Act of 1970
§ 10.6 Housing Authorities
§ 10.6.1 Municipal Housing Authorities
§ 10.6.2 County Housing Authorities
§ 10.6.3 Multi-Jurisdictional Housing Authorities
§ 10.6.4 Public Housing Election
§ 10.7 Colorado Housing Act of 1970
§ 10.8 Colorado Housing And Finance Authority
CHAPTER 11: HISTORIC PRESERVATION by Gilbert F. McNeish, Esq.
§ 11.1 Introduction
§ 11.2 National Legislation
§ 11.3 Colorado Legislation
§ 11.3.1 Historical Societies
§ 11.3.2 Tax Credits
§ 11.4 Local Activities
§ 11.5 Constitutional Challenges to Historic Preservation Ordinances
§ 11.5.1 Challenges as a Taking
§ 11.5.2 Challenges as Being Void for Vagueness or as Unlawful Delegation of Power
§ 11.5.3 Challenges as Interfering with the Free Exercise of Religion
§ 11.5.4 Interim Controls
§ 11.5.5 Other Relevant Cases
§ 11.6 Transferable Development Rights as an Aid to Historic Preservation
§ 11.7 Methods for Creating Facially Valid Historic Preservation Regulations
§ 11.8 Other Related Laws and Issues
§ 11.8.1 Access Laws
§ 11.8.2 Conflicts Between Historic Preservation and Other Development Law
CHAPTER 12: OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ISSUES by Ronda L. Sandquist, Esq.
§ 12.1 Introduction
§ 12.2 Federal Initiatives
§ 12.2.1 Clean Air Act
§ 12.2.2 Regulation of Greenhouse Gases
§ 12.2.3 Colorado’s Climate Action Plan
§ 12.2.4 EPA Regulations for Stormwater
§ 12.2.5 Wetlands
§ 12.2.6 Endangered Species Act
§ 12.3 State Regulatory Systems
§ 12.3.1 Colorado Air Pollution Prevention and Control Act
§ 12.3.2 Wastewater and Stormwater Discharges
§ 12.3.3 Water Pollution Control
§ 12.3.4 Individual Sewage Disposal Systems
§ 12.3.5 Hazardous Waste Sites
§ 12.3.6 Voluntary Clean-up and Redevelopment Act
§ 12.3.7 Biosolids
§ 12.3.8 Water Supply and Runoff Considerations
§ 12.3.9 Small Community Environmental Flexibility Act
§ 12.3.10 Environmental Self-evaluations
§ 12.3.11 Conservation and Preservation of Species and Open Space